System and method for registering subscribable states in blockchain

ABSTRACT

Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for registering subscribable states in blockchain are provided. One of the methods includes: obtaining a request for registering a workflow comprising one or more states; generating a blockchain contract comprising the workflow; and deploying the blockchain contract in a blockchain, wherein the deployed blockchain contract is executable to update a current state of the workflow among the one or more states.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is a continuation application of U.S. patentapplication. No. 16/722,372 filed on Dec. 20, 2019, and entitled “SYSTEMAND METHOD FOR REGISTERING SUBSCRIBABLE STATES IN BLOCKCHAIN,” which isa continuation application of International Patent Application No.PCT/CN2019/102877, filed on Aug. 27, 2019, and entitled “SYSTEM ANDMETHOD FOR REGISTERING SUBSCRIBABLE STATES IN BLOCKCHAIN.” The entirecontents of all of the above-identified applications are incorporatedherein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This application generally relates to blockchain-based subscription andnotification, and in particular, to systems and methods for registeringsubscribable states in blockchain.

BACKGROUND

Workflow management is often tedious and inefficient. For example, whena number of different parties are involved in a workflow to managedifferent stages of the workflow, one party may need to be informed ofthe completion of a preceding stage in order to commence its own stage.It is however often unreliable and inefficient to delegate the task ofnotification among the parties themselves. And with an increase of thenumber of parties or complexity of the workflow, the chance of errorwill multifold. Further, significant resources are required for ensuringaccurate and timely notifications for such workflow. Thus, it isdesirable to develop efficient and reliable systems and methods toimprove workflow management.

Blockchain provides data storage in a decentralized fashion by keepingthe data in a series of data blocks having precedence relationshipbetween each other. The chain of blocks is maintained and updated by anetwork of blockchain nodes, which are also responsible for validatingdata under a consensus scheme. The stored data may include many datatypes, such as purchase order status, financial transactions amongparties, historical access information, etc.

Blockchain can be maintained and updated by adding blocks of blockchaintransactions. To store data to blockchain, the data may be included inthe blockchain transactions to add to new blocks of the blockchain.Additionally, many blockchains (e.g., the Ethereum blockchain) haveenabled blockchain contracts (also referred to as smart contracts) thatare executable through blockchain transactions. For example, blockchaintransactions may comprise signed messages originated by externally ownedaccounts (e.g., blockchain accounts), transmitted by the blockchainnetwork, and recorded in the blockchain. Blockchain contracts may beexecuted to achieve programmed functions.

SUMMARY

Various embodiments of the specification include, but are not limitedto, systems, methods, and non-transitory computer readable media forregistering subscribable states in blockchain.

According to some embodiments, a computer-implemented method forregistering subscribable states in blockchain may comprise: obtaining arequest for registering a workflow comprising one or more states;generating a blockchain contract comprising the workflow; and deployingthe blockchain contract in a blockchain, wherein the deployed blockchaincontract is executable to update a current state of the workflow amongthe one or more states.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises: obtaining from asubscriber a request for subscribing to notification of one of the oneor more states; and establishing an association between the subscriberand the one state.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises: obtaining informationin one or more blocks of the blockchain to determine the current state.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises: updating alocally-maintained state machine based on the determined current state;determining that the updated state machine corresponds to the one state;and transmitting a notification message to the subscriber to the onestate.

In some embodiments, the notification message comprises: a messageindicating the one state that is current and a result returned fromcompletion of a preceding state among the one or more states.

In some embodiments, the locally-maintained state machine comprises oneor more local states respectively mapped to the one or more states ofthe workflow registered in the blockchain.

In some embodiments, the one or more local states are configured in acyclic trigger flow; and the cyclic trigger flow starts with a startinglocal state of the one or more local states, passes through each of theone or more local states once in one direction till an ending localstate, and returns to the starting local state.

In some embodiments, the one or more states are configured in anothercyclic trigger flow; the another cyclic trigger flow starts with astarting state of the one or more states, passes through each of the oneor more states once in one direction till an ending state, and returnsto the starting state; each of the one or more states is triggered bycompletion of a preceding state in the another cyclic trigger flow; thestarting local state is mapped to the starting state; and the methodfurther comprises executing the blockchain contract to initiate thecurrent state to be the starting state.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises: obtaining a requestfor deactivating the one state; and in response to the request fordeactivating the one state: generating a blockchain transaction forshortcutting the one state from the another cyclic trigger flow, andtransmitting the generated blockchain transaction to one or moreblockchain nodes to add to the blockchain; and shortcutting a localstate mapped to the one state from the cyclic trigger flow.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises: obtaining a requestfor reactivating the one state; and in response to the request forreactivating the one state: generating a blockchain transaction forrestoring the one state in the another cyclic trigger flow, andtransmitting the generated blockchain transaction to one or moreblockchain nodes to add to the blockchain; and restoring the local statemapped to the one state in the cyclic trigger flow.

In some embodiments, each of the one or more states is configurable by asubscriber to one or more sub-states to comprise the one or moresub-states; and the method further comprises: establishing anassociation between the subscriber and the one or more sub-states fortransmitting notifications associated with the one or more sub-states tothe subscriber.

In some embodiments, the one or more sub-states form a cyclic triggerflow; the one or more states are public to all subscribers to the one ormore states; and the one or more sub-states are private to thesubscriber to the one or more sub-states.

In some embodiments, obtaining the request for registering the one ormore states corresponding to the workflow comprises: obtaining from anadministrator of the workflow the request for registering the one ormore states corresponding to the workflow; and the blockchain comprisesa consortium blockchain.

In some embodiments, obtaining the request for registering the one ormore states corresponding to the workflow comprises: obtaining a requestfor registering a state group comprising the one or more statescorresponding to the workflow.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises: obtaining a requestfor ceasing notification of the state group; and in response to therequest for ceasing notification of the state group, ceasingnotification of the state group to one or more subscribers subscribingto the state group.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises: obtaining a requestfor resuming notification of the state group; and in response to therequest for resuming notification of the state group, resumingnotification of the state group to one or more subscribers subscribingto the state group.

According to some embodiments, a system for registering subscribablestates in blockchain comprises one or more processors and one or morecomputer-readable memories coupled to the one or more processors andhaving instructions stored thereon that are executable by the one ormore processors to perform the method of any of the precedingembodiments.

According to some embodiments, an apparatus for registering subscribablestates in blockchain comprises a plurality of modules for performing themethod of any of the preceding embodiments.

According to some embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable mediumhas stored therein instructions that, when executed by a processor of adevice, cause the device to perform the method of any of the precedingembodiments.

According to other embodiments, a system for registering subscribablestates in blockchain comprises one or more processors and one or morenon-transitory computer-readable memories coupled to the one or moreprocessors and configured with instructions executable by the one ormore processors to cause the system to perform operations comprising:obtaining a request for registering a workflow comprising one or morestates; generating a blockchain contract comprising the workflow; anddeploying the blockchain contract in a blockchain, wherein the deployedblockchain contract is executable to update a current state of theworkflow among the one or more states.

According to yet other embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium for registering subscribable states in blockchain isconfigured with instructions executable by one or more processors tocause the one or more processors to perform operations comprising:obtaining a request for registering a workflow comprising one or morestates; generating a blockchain contract comprising the workflow; anddeploying the blockchain contract in a blockchain, wherein the deployedblockchain contract is executable to update a current state of theworkflow among the one or more states.

According to still other embodiments, an apparatus for registeringsubscribable states in blockchain may comprise: an obtaining module forobtaining a request for registering a workflow comprising one or morestates; a generating module for generating a blockchain contractcomprising the workflow; and a deploying module for deploying theblockchain contract in a blockchain, wherein the deployed blockchaincontract is executable to update a current state of the workflow amongthe one or more states.

Embodiments disclosed in the specification have one or more technicaleffects. In some embodiments, convenient blockchain-based messagesubscription and notification may be provided and managed by a serviceprovider. In one embodiment, a blockchain contract comprising one ormore states of a workflow is deployed in a blockchain and is executableto update a current state among the one or more states, and the serviceprovider may record subscribers subscribing to any of the states andmaintain a local state machine mapped to the current state. The serviceprovider may thus keep up-to-date to the progress in the workflow tonotify subscribers. In some embodiments, by subscribing to the states ofthe workflow, the participants of the workflow no longer have toconstantly obtain information from blocks of the blockchain to determinethe progress. In one embodiment, the participants can automaticallyobtain notifications through a message queue with respect to theirrelevant states that they have subscribed, without having to filterinformation of irrelevant states. In one embodiment, based on thenotification, corresponding execution steps for the relevant states maybe automatically triggered and performed. In some embodiments, thecomputing power is conserved, and the workflow efficiency is enhanced.In some embodiments, workflow information is effectively collected fromparticipants, organized by the system, and distributed to correspondingparticipants. In some embodiments, the participants can intuitivelyenable notification through subscription to one or more states of aworkflow and timely receive notification messages when the one or morestates become current. In some embodiments, participants are alsoprovided with customization in terms of choice of state for subscriptionand choice of sub-states for creation and subscription. In oneembodiment, the subscribers to the sub-states are provided with privacyprotection as the sub-states are kept private.

These and other features of the systems, methods, and non-transitorycomputer readable media disclosed herein, as well as the methods ofoperation and functions of the related elements of structure and thecombination of parts and economies of manufacture, will become moreapparent upon consideration of the following description and theappended claims with reference to the accompanying drawings, all ofwhich form a part of this specification, wherein like reference numeralsdesignate corresponding parts in the various figures. It is to beexpressly understood, however, that the drawings are for purposes ofillustration and description only and are not intended as limiting.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an environment for registering subscribable states inblockchain in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 2 illustrates a framework for registering subscribable states inblockchain in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 3A illustrates an interaction diagram for registering subscribablestates in blockchain in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 3B illustrates a cyclic trigger flow for one or more local statesof local state machine in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 3C illustrates a cyclic trigger flow for one or more states of aworkflow and corresponding functions for registering subscribable statesin blockchain in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 4A illustrates a flowchart of a method for registering subscribablestates in blockchain in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 4B illustrates a flowchart of a method for registering subscribablesub-states in blockchain in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 4C illustrates a flowchart of a method for blockchain-basednotification in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 4D illustrates a flowchart of a method for blockchain-basednotification in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of a method for registering subscribablestates in blockchain in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of an apparatus for registeringsubscribable states in blockchain in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 7 illustrates a block diagram of a computer system in which any ofthe embodiments described herein may be implemented.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In some embodiments, blockchain may be used to store thepurchase-delivery status for online shopping and facilitate statusinformation sharing among various participants. For example, an onlinepurchase may involve a series of stages such as: order placement, itemretrieval from storage, item delivery from storage to recipient, andrecipient acknowledgement. The sale, storage, and delivery may bemanaged by different participants that each depend on a “finished”status of a previous stage to commence its own stage. For example, thestorage needs to know that a placed order has been accepted by theseller, in order to start its stage of item retrieval, and the deliverycompany needs to know that the item has been retrieved from the storageto start its stage of loading, shipment, and delivery. Some stages mayeach comprise granular sub-stages. For example, the item delivery fromstorage to recipient stage may comprise sub-stages such as itemreception by courier, item delivery to local facility, etc. And thedelivery company may want to know the progress within the sub-stages.

In some blockchain schemes, in order to determine whether to commenceits own stage, the participants of the online shopping event such as theseller, storage, and delivery company have to continuously obtaininformation from blocks of the blockchain to check if the previous stageor sub-stage is finished. As a result, each participant of the onlineshopping event has to frequently explore blocks of the blockchain forupdates of the purchase-delivery statuses. Many explored information maynot even be relevant to the inquiring participant. Thus, significantcomputing power is wasted in such process, and the overall efficiency ofthe workflow is low. The disclosed systems and methods may improveworkflow management such as in the purchase-delivery process.

FIG. 1 illustrates an environment 100 for registering subscribablestates in blockchain in accordance with some embodiments. As shown, inthe environment 100, one or more client-side computing devices (e.g.,111 a, 111 b, 111 c, 111 d) may couple to a server end 118 throughvarious communication networks. The server end 118 may couple to one ormore blockchain systems (e.g., 112, 113) through various communicationnetworks. Each blockchain system may maintain one or more blockchains.Each blockchain may correspond to a unique blockchain ID. Additionalcomputing devices may couple to each of the one or more blockchainsystems. For example, blockchain user-side computing device (e.g., 114a, 114 b) may couple to the blockchain system 112 through variouscommunication networks.

In some embodiments, the client-side computing device (e.g., computer,server, mobile phone, etc.) is not limited to a single device and maycomprise one or more computing devices in a cluster. The client-sidecomputing device may be installed with a specialized software such asmessage queue (MQ) service software for communicating with the serverend 118. The software may be embodied in a software application, asoftware terminal, a website, etc. The client-side computing device maybe implemented by an entity (e.g., organization, company, enterprise,individual person). The entity may be a participant of a workflow. Forexample, the entity may be involved in a part of the workflow and thusbecomes a participant. As described herein, the participant maysubscribe to a state of the workflow corresponding to the part of theworkflow to receive notification.

In some embodiments, the blockchain system 112 may comprise a pluralityof blockchain nodes (e.g., Blockchain Node 1, Blockchain Node 2,Blockchain Node 3, Blockchain Node 4, Blockchain Node i, etc.) thatmaintain one or more blockchains (e.g., public blockchain, privateblockchain, consortium blockchain, etc.). Other blockchain systems(e.g., blockchain system 113, etc.) may comprise a similar arrangementof blockchain nodes maintaining another blockchain. Each blockchain nodemay be found in one or more blockchain systems. The blockchain nodes mayinclude full nodes. Full nodes may download every block and blockchaintransaction and check them against the blockchain's consensus rules. Theblockchain nodes may form a network with one blockchain nodecommunicating with another. The order and the number of the blockchainnodes as shown are merely examples for illustration. The blockchainnodes may be implemented in servers, computers, etc. For example, eachblockchain node may be implemented in a server or a cluster of servers.The cluster of servers may employ load balancing. Each blockchain nodemay correspond to one or more physical hardware devices or virtualdevices coupled together via various types of communication methods suchas TCP/IP. Depending on the classifications, the blockchain nodes mayalso be referred to as full nodes, Geth nodes, consensus nodes, etc.

In some embodiments, the blockchain user-side computing device mayinclude a lightweight node. A lightweight node may not download thecomplete blockchain, but may instead just download the block headers tovalidate the authenticity of the blockchain transactions. Lightweightnodes may be served by and effectively depend on full nodes (e.g.,blockchain nodes in the blockchain system 112) to access more functionsof the blockchain. The lightweight nodes may be implemented inelectronic devices such as laptops, mobile phones, and the like byinstalling an appropriate software. In one embodiment, the blockchainuser-side computing device may send a blockchain transaction to theblockchain system 112 for adding to the blockchain.

In some embodiments, the server end 118 may provideBlockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS) and be referred to as a BaaS end. In oneembodiment, BaaS is a cloud service model in which clients or developersoutsource behind-the-scenes aspects of a web or mobile application. BaaSmay provide pre-written software for activities that take place onblockchains, such as subscription and notification, user authentication,database management, and remote updating. The BaaS end may beimplemented in a server, server cluster, or other devices. In oneembodiment, the BaaS end provides an enterprise-level platform servicebased on blockchain technologies. This service helps clients to build asecure and stable blockchain environment as well as manage thedeployment, operation, maintenance, and development of blockchaineasily. The service features high security, high stability, ease-of-use,and openness and sharing. Based on the abundant security strategies andmulti-tenant isolation of cloud, the BaaS end can provide advancedsecurity protection using chip encryption technologies. Based on highlyreliable data storage, this service provides end-to-end and highlyavailable services that can scale up quickly without interruption. TheBaaS end can provide enhanced administrative functions to help clientsto build an enterprise-level blockchain network environment. The BaaSend can provide native support for standard blockchain applications anddata, support mainstream open-source blockchain technologies likeHyperledger Fabric and Enterprise Ethereum-Quorum, to build an open andinclusive technology ecosystem.

In the environment 100, each of the systems, nodes, and devices may beinstalled with appropriate software (e.g., application programinterface) and/or hardware (e.g., wires, wireless connections) to accessother devices of the environment 100. In general, the systems, nodes,and devices may be able to communicate with one another through one ormore wired or wireless networks (e.g., the Internet) through which datacan be communicated. Each of the systems, nodes, and devices may includeone or more processors and one or more memories coupled to the one ormore processors. The memories may be non-transitory andcomputer-readable and configured with instructions executable by one ormore processors to cause the one or more processors to performoperations described herein. The instructions may be stored in thememories or downloaded over a communications network without necessarilybeing stored in the memories. Although the systems, nodes, and devicesare shown as separate components in this figure, it will be appreciatedthat these systems, nodes, and devices can be implemented as singledevices or multiple devices coupled together.

The server end 118 and the blockchain user-side computing devices may beinstalled with an appropriate blockchain software for initiating,forwarding, or accessing blockchain transactions. The term “blockchaintransaction” may refer to a unit of task executed in a blockchain systemand recorded in the blockchain upon verification. In some embodiments,the server end 118 may construct a blockchain contract based oninformation obtained from the one or more client-side computing devices.The server end 118 may add the blockchain contract in a blockchaintransaction. After the server end 118 submits the blockchain transactionto the blockchain system, the blockchain nodes may verify the blockchaintransaction for adding to the blockchain. If the blockchain transactionis added to the blockchain, the blockchain contract is deployed in theblockchain. In some embodiments, the deployed blockchain contract maycomprise a workflow which has one or more states. The state that theworkflow is currently in may be referred to as a current state. Throughone or more additional blockchain transactions, the deployed blockchaincontract may be invoked to update the current state.

Blockchain transactions may be verified according to a consensus rule.For example, a POW (proof-of-work) consensus process is provided below.Notwithstanding, other types of consensus process such as POS(proof-of-stake), DPOS (delegate-proof-of-stake), and PBFT (practicalByzantine Fault Tolerance) may be similarly applied to the disclosedsystems and methods.

In some embodiments with respect to blockchain transaction verification,after receiving a blockchain transaction request of an unconfirmedblockchain transaction, a recipient blockchain node may perform somepreliminary verification of the blockchain transaction. For example,Blockchain Node 1 may perform the preliminary verification afterreceiving a blockchain transaction from the server end 118. Onceverified, the blockchain transaction may be stored in the database ofthe recipient blockchain node (e.g., Blockchain Node 1), which may alsoforward the blockchain transaction to one or more other blockchain nodes(e.g., Blockchain Node 2, Blockchain Node 3, Blockchain Node 4).Similarly, the each blockchain node may comprise or couple to a memorystoring a database. The database may store a plurality of unconfirmedblockchain transactions. After receiving the blockchain transaction, theone or more other blockchain nodes may repeat the preliminaryverification and broadcasting process done by the recipient blockchainnode.

For verification, each blockchain node may select some of the blockchaintransactions from the database according to its preference and form theminto a proposed new block for the blockchain. The blockchain node mayperform “mining” of the proposed new block by devoting computing powerto solve complex mathematical problems. If the blockchain transactioninvolves a blockchain contract, the blockchain nodes may execute theblockchain contract locally in respective virtual machines (VMs). Tohandle the blockchain contracts, each blockchain node of the blockchainnetwork runs a corresponding VM and executes the same instructions inthe blockchain contract. A VM is a software emulation of a computersystem based on computer architectures and provides functionality of aphysical computer. VM in the blockchain context can be understood as asystem designed to operate as a runtime environment for blockchaincontracts.

A certain blockchain node that successfully mines the proposed new blockof blockchain transactions in accordance with consensus rules may packthe new block into its local copy of the blockchain and multicast theresults to other blockchain nodes. The certain blockchain node may be ablockchain node that has first successfully completed the verification,that has obtained a verification privilege, that has been chosen basedon another consensus rule, etc. Then, the other blockchain nodes mayfollow the same order of execution performed by the certain blockchainnode to locally execute the blockchain transactions in the new block,verify the execution results with one another (e.g., by performing hashcalculations), and synchronize their copies of the blockchain with thatof the certain blockchain node. By updating their local copies of theblockchain, the other blockchain nodes may similarly write suchinformation in the blockchain transaction into respective localmemories. As such, the blockchain contract can be deployed in theblockchain. If the verification fails at some point, the blockchaintransaction is rejected.

The deployed blockchain contract may have an address, according to whichthe deployed contract can be accessed. A blockchain node may invoke thedeployed blockchain contract by inputting certain parameters to theblockchain contract. In one embodiment, a deployed blockchain contractmay be invoked to add or update certain information in the blockchaincontract, thereby updating one or more states in the blockchaincontract. In one embodiment, the one or more states of the blockchaincontract may be retrieved from the blockchain by inquiring acorresponding blockchain transaction added to the blockchain. The mostupdated state may be reflected in the most recent relevant blockchaintransaction. Notwithstanding the above, other types of blockchainsystems and associated consensus rules may be applied to the discloseddevices and methods.

FIG. 2 illustrates a framework for implementing blockchain transactionsin accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, theclient-side computing device 111a may transmit information to the serverend 118. In one embodiment, the information may comprise a request toregister in a blockchain a workflow comprising one or more states. Theblockchain may be maintained by the blockchain system 112. To performthe registration, the server end 118 may construct a blockchain contractbased on the information obtained from the client-side computing device111a. The server end 118 may add the blockchain contract in a blockchaintransaction A. The server end 118 may sign the blockchain transaction onbehalf of the user associated with the client-side computing device111a. For example, the blockchain transaction A may comprise informationsuch as nonce (e.g., transaction serial number), from (e.g., ablockchain address of the user), to (e.g., empty if deploying ablockchain contract), transaction fee, signature (e.g., signature of theserver end 118, signature of the user managed by the server end 118),value (e.g., transaction amount), data (e.g., the blockchain contract),etc. Then, the server end 118 may submit the blockchain transaction A toone or more blockchain nodes of the blockchain system 112 for adding tothe blockchain.

After the blockchain transaction is added to the blockchain, theblockchain contract is deployed in the blockchain. The workflow in thedeployed blockchain contract may be in one of the one or more states.For example, the workflow may comprise states 1, 2, and 3 and may beinitiated at state 1. Thus, the current state is state 1. Through one ormore additional blockchain transactions, the deployed blockchaincontract may be invoked to update the current state. For example, thedeployed blockchain contract may be invoked to move forward the workflowfrom state 1 to state 2, thus changing the current state to state 2.

In some embodiments, a blockchain user-side computing device (e.g.,blockchain user-side computing device 114 a) may construct a signedblockchain transaction B and transmit it to the blockchain system 112for execution. In one embodiment, the blockchain transaction B may beexecuted to invoke the deployed blockchain contract. The invocation mayupdate the current state of the workflow. In some embodiments, theblockchain transaction B may be programmed in source code at a user-endapplication 221. For example, a user or machine may program theblockchain transaction B. The blockchain user-side computing device maycompile the source code using a corresponding compiler, which convertsthe source code into bytecode. The blockchain transaction B may compriseinformation such as nonce, from, to, transaction fee, value, signature,data, etc. The blockchain user-side computing device 114a may send theblockchain transaction B to one or more blockchain nodes of theblockchain system 112 through a remote procedure call (RPC) interface223 for execution. RPC is a protocol that a first program (e.g.,user-end application) can use to request a service from a second programlocated in another computer on a network (e.g., blockchain node) withouthaving to understand the network's details. When the first programcauses a procedure to execute in a different address space, it is as ifa normal (local) procedure call, without the programmer explicitlycoding the details for the remote interaction.

In some embodiments, on receiving the blockchain transaction (e.g.,blockchain transaction A or B), the recipient blockchain node may verifyif the blockchain transaction is valid. For example, the signature andother formats may be verified. If the verification succeeds, therecipient blockchain node may broadcast the received blockchaintransaction to the blockchain network including various other blockchainnodes. Some blockchain nodes may participate in the mining process ofthe blockchain transaction. The blockchain transaction may be chosen bya certain node for consensus verification to pack into a new block. Ifthe blockchain transaction involves deploying a blockchain contract, thecertain node may create a contract account for the blockchain contractin association with a contract account address. If the blockchaintransaction involves invoking a deployed blockchain contract, thecertain node may trigger its local VM to execute the received blockchaintransaction, thereby invoking the deployed blockchain contract from itslocal copy of the blockchain and updating the states in the deployedblockchain contract.

If the certain node succeeds in mining a new block, the certain node maybroadcast the new block to other blockchain nodes. Upon receiving thenew block, the other blockchain nodes may perform verifications. If aconsensus is reached that the new block is valid, the new block isrespectively packed to the local copies of the blockchain maintained bythe blockchain nodes. The blockchain nodes may similarly trigger theirlocal VMs (e.g., local VM 1, local VM i, local VM 2) to execute theblockchain transactions in the new block, thus invoking local copies ofthe blockchain (e.g., local blockchain copy 1, local blockchain copy i,local blockchain copy 2) and making corresponding updates. The hardwaremachine of each blockchain node may have access to one or more virtualmachines, which may be a part of or couple to the correspondingblockchain node. Each time, a corresponding local VM may be triggered toexecute the blockchain transaction. Likewise, all other blockchaintransactions in the new block will be executed. Lightweight nodes mayalso synchronize to the updated blockchain.

FIG. 3A illustrates an interaction diagram for registering subscribablestates in blockchain in accordance with some embodiments. FIG. 3Billustrates a cyclic trigger flow for one or more local states of localstate machine in accordance with some embodiments. FIG. 3C illustrates acyclic trigger flow for one or more states of a workflow andcorresponding functions for registering subscribable states inblockchain in accordance with some embodiments. The operations of themethod presented below are intended to be illustrative. Depending on theimplementation, the steps below may include additional, fewer, oralternative steps performed in various orders or in parallel. The orderof the steps is also illustrative, as some of the orders may be switchedor processed in parallel.

Referring to FIG. 3A, in some embodiments, the blockchain system 112 maycomprise a plurality of blockchain nodes that maintain one or moreblockchains (e.g., public blockchain, private blockchain, consortiumblockchain, etc.). Although the following description may use consortiumblockchain as an example, other types of blockchains may similarly applyin the embodiments described herein.

In one embodiment, consortium blockchain refers to a blockchain withconsensus procedures controlled by preset nodes. The blockchain mayallow everyone or only approved participants to access or adopt a hybridaccess method. For example, the root hash and its API (ApplicationProgram Interface) may be open to the public, and external parties areallowed to use API to make a certain number of inquiries and obtaininformation relating to blockchain status.

In one embodiment, consortium blockchains can best be understood whencompared to their more popular counterpart, public blockchains. A publicblockchain possesses no access restriction, meaning that absolutelyanyone with an internet connection can become a participant of a publicblockchain. For example, anyone in the world is able to read data thatis included on the blockchain, and anyone in the world is allowed toexecute transactions on a public blockchain. Also, there is norestriction as to who can participate in the consensus process forblockchains, which is the process that determines the individual orentity that can add a block to the blockchain. Public blockchains areconsidered to be fully decentralized, with control over the blockchainnot being in the hands of any single individual or entity.

In one embodiment, consortium blockchains differ from their publiccounterparts in that they are permissioned, thus, not just anyone withan internet connection could gain access to a consortium blockchain.These types of blockchains could also be described as beingsemi-decentralized. Control over a consortium blockchain is not grantedto a single entity, but rather a group of approved individuals. With aconsortium blockchain, the consensus process is likely to differ fromthat of a public blockchain. Instead of anyone being able to partake inthe procedure, consensus participants of a consortium blockchain arelikely to be a group of pre-approved nodes on the network. The nodes maycorrespond to various countries, enterprises, or other entities. Thus,consortium blockchains possess the security features that are inherentin public blockchains, whilst also allowing for a greater degree ofcontrol over the network.

In some embodiments, various participants to a workflow may access theserver end 118 or one or more similar computing devices to obtainblockchain-stored information of the workflow. The workflow may comprisea progressing event, an evolving circumstance, etc. The workflow maycomprise a series of stages for which triggering one stage depends on apreceding stage. In one embodiment, of the one or more stages of theworkflow, each state may switch or progress from and to one anotherstate. For example, the workflow may comprise an online purchase eventcomprising stages from order placement, to item retrieval from storage,then to item delivery from storage to recipient, and then to recipientacknowledgement. For example, the storage needs to know that the orderhas been placed to start its stage of item retrieval, and the deliverycompany needs to know that the item has been retrieved from the storageto start its stage of loading, shipment, and delivery. Similarly, othertypes of workflow such as calendar event, work schedule, productionschedule, event schedule, and the like may be similarly applicable.

In some embodiments, the various participants may collaborativelyparticipate in the workflow. In one example, for the onlinepurchase-delivery event, participants to the workflow may comprise anadministrator of the workflow, an online platform, a seller, a storagecompany, and a delivery company. Each participant may be involved in oneor more stages of the workflow. The order placement stage may be managedby the seller; the item retrieval stage may be managed by the storagecompany; the item delivery and recipient acknowledgement stage may bemanaged by the delivery company. The above stages may be configured bythe administrator, which may be elected by the seller, the storagecompany, and the delivery company, or otherwise elected or designated.In one embodiment, the various participants to the workflow may beparties to a consortium blockchain. For example, each participant may beassociated with a consortium blockchain address, which may be used foridentification, obtaining information, sending information, etc.

In some embodiments, each participant to the workflow may be representedby one or more computing devices, and corresponding steps (e.g., sendingor receiving information, displaying information) may be automaticallyperformed by the one or more computing devices. For example, theadministrator may be represented by the client-side computing device 111a, the seller may be represented by the client-side computing device 111b, the storage may be represented by the client-side computing device111 c, and the delivery company may be represented by the client-sidecomputing device 111 d. The client-side computing devices may beinstalled with a software such as MQ service to access the server end118. These representations are merely examples, and the variouscomputing devices may have additional or alternative associations.

In some embodiments, at step 301, from the client-side computing device111 a, the server end 118 may obtain a request for registering aworkflow comprising one or more states. In some embodiments, obtainingthe request for registering the one or more states corresponding to theworkflow may comprise obtaining from an administrator of the workflowthe request for registering the one or more states corresponding to theworkflow. The administrator may refer to a computing device associatedwith authorization to add, ban, or revive the one or more states as astate group. The administrator may also have authorization to add, ban,or revive individual states. The blockchain may comprise a consortiumblockchain.

In some embodiments, the server end 118 may include various componentsimplemented as software and/or hardware. The components may include butare not limited to, for example, a blockchain transaction generator 311,a local state management module 312, a local state machine 313, a statetrigger 314, an MQ management module 315, and a subscription managementmodule 316. The various components may be collectively or individuallyimplemented as one or more processors and one or more non-transitorycomputer-readable storage media having stored therein instructions that,when executed by the one or more processors, cause the server end 118 toperform the disclosed steps. These components and their arrangements aremerely examples, and there can be fewer, additional, or alternativecomponents and alternative arrangements.

In one embodiment, after receiving the information of step 301, at step302, the server end 118 (e.g., the blockchain contract generator 311)may generate a blockchain contract comprising the workflow. For example,the blockchain contract may define the workflow, the one or more states,and relations among the states. The blockchain contract may furtherdefine that the workflow may be in one of the states at one time. Theone or more states may comprise a starting state, an ending state, andother states between the starting and the ending states with a logicassociation. For example, the one or more states may be configured in acyclic trigger flow registered in the blockchain. The cyclic triggerflow may start with the starting state of the one or more states, passesthrough each of the one or more states once in one direction till theending state, and returns to the starting state. Each of the one or morestates may be triggered by completion of a preceding state in the cyclictrigger flow.

In some embodiments, at step 303 the server end 118 may deploy theblockchain contract in a blockchain. For example, the server end 118 maygenerate a blockchain transaction comprising the generated blockchaincontract, and transmit the blockchain transaction to one or moreblockchain nodes of the blockchain system 112 for adding the blockchaintransaction to the blockchain. As described above, by blockchain nodeverification, the blockchain contract may be added to a block of theblockchain and thus be deployed in the blockchain.

In some embodiments, the server end 118 may execute the blockchaincontract to initiate a current state to be a starting state of the oneor more states. For example, the workflow's one or more states maycomprise a starting state. The execution may be programmed in thegenerated blockchain transaction, so that during or after the blockchaincontract deployment, the workflow's current state is initiated as thestarting state.

In some embodiments, the deployed blockchain contract is executable toupdate a current state of the workflow among the one or more states. Forexample, various computing devices may transmit blockchain transactionsto add to the blockchain, and such blockchain transactions may invokedthe deployed blockchain contract to move forward the workflow from thestarting state to the next state and so forth, thus changing the currentstate. If a consensus-verified blockchain transaction is added to a newblock of the blockchain, all blockchain nodes may execute the blockchaincontract based on the consensus-verified blockchain transaction toupdate the current state of the workflow. Through the execution, thelocal copies of the blockchain may be respectively updated for thecurrent state.

In one embodiment, for the online purchase-delivery event, eachpurchase-delivery process may correspond to one round of the workflow.For example, the seller may sell an item from an online platform. Theworkflow's current state in the blockchain contract may be initiated tobe the starting state: (state 1) waiting for order. When an order isplaced in the seller's virtual store on the online platform, the onlineplatform may transmit a blockchain transaction to the blockchain (e.g.,with the online platform's signature), whether through the server end118 or not, which moves forward the workflow to: (state 2) orderreceived. If the seller has subscribed to state 2, the seller will beable to obtain a notification for the received order. If the selleraccepts the order and updates the blockchain (e.g., by transmitting ablockchain transaction signed by the seller to the blockchain), theworkflow may move forward to: (state 3) item retrieval from storage. Ifthe storage has subscribed to state 3, the storage will be able toobtain a notification for retrieving the order item. If the storageretrieves the item and updates the blockchain (e.g., by transmitting ablockchain transaction signed by the storage to the blockchain), theworkflow may move forward to: (state 4) item delivery. If the deliverycompany has subscribed to state 4, the delivery company will be able toobtain a notification for delivering the order item. If the deliverycompany finishes the item delivery and updates the blockchain (e.g., bytransmitting a blockchain transaction signed by the delivery company orthe recipient to the blockchain), the workflow may move back to: (state1) waiting for order. One round of the workflow may thereby becompleted.

In some embodiments, at step 304, the server end 118 may obtain from asubscriber a request for subscribing to notification of one of the oneor more states. Similarly, the server end 118 may obtain from asubscriber one or more requests for subscribing to notification(s) ofone or more of the one or more states, or obtain from multiplesubscribers one or more requests for subscribing to notification of oneof the one or more states. That is, a subscriber can subscribe to one ormore states among one or more state groups, and one or more subscriberscan subscribe to one state. In one embodiment, for the onlinepurchase-delivery event, to confirm the order, the seller may subscribeto (state 2): order received; to start retrieving the item, the storagemay subscribe to (state 3): item retrieval from storage; and to commencedelivery, the delivery may subscribe to (state 4): item delivery. Thesubscription requests may need to be approved by the administrator ofthe workflow.

Optionally, the server end 118 may obtain the one or more requeststhrough a gateway 319. A gateway may be a piece of networking hardwareused in telecommunications for telecommunications networks that allowsdata to flow from one discrete network to another.

The gateway 319 may provide load balancing to improve communicationbetween the various client-side computing devices and the server end118.

Further, at step 305, the server end 118 may establish an associationbetween the subscriber and the one state. For example, the subscriptionmanagement module 316 may establish and store the association. If thesubscriber later cancels the subscription, the server end 118 maycorrespondingly remove the association.

In some embodiments, at step 306, the server end 118 may obtaininformation in one or more blocks of the blockchain to determine thecurrent state. In some embodiments, as the starting state is initiatedas the current state, blockchain transactions further added to theblockchain may invoke the blockchain contract and move forward theworkflow, thus changing the current state of the workflow. In someembodiments, the server end 118 may obtain a blockchain transaction inone or more blocks of the blockchain, wherein the blockchain transactiontriggers execution of the blockchain contract to update the currentstate of the workflow. The server end 118 may further determine thecurrent state of the workflow according to the obtained blockchaintransaction.

In some embodiments, at step 307, the server end 118 (e.g., local statemanagement module 312) may update a locally-maintained state machine(e.g., local state machine 313) based on the determined current state ofthe workflow. In one embodiment, the server end 118 may maintain thestate machine. State machine may also be referred to finite-statemachine. A state machine may be an abstract machine (e.g., computationmodel) that can be in exactly one of a finite number of states at anygiven time.

Referring to FIG. 3B and FIG. 3C, in some embodiments, thelocally-maintained state machine may comprise one or more local states(e.g., local state L1, local state L2, local state L3, local state L4)respectively mapped to the one or more states (e.g., state 1, state 2,state 3, state 4) of the workflow registered in the blockchain. As shownin FIG. 3B, the one or more local states are configured in a cyclictrigger flow maintained locally. The cyclic trigger flow starts with astarting local state of the one or more local states, passes througheach of the one or more local states once in one direction till anending local state, and returns to the starting local state. In oneexample, for the online purchase-delivery event, local state L1 ismapped to (state 1) waiting for order, local state L2 is mapped to(state 2) order received, local state L3 is mapped to (state 3) itemretrieval from storage, and local state L4 is mapped to (state 4) itemdelivery. Since state 1 is the starting state and the starting localstate is mapped to the starting state, local state L1 is the localstarting state. Similarly, local state L2 is mapped to state 2, localstate L3 is mapped to state 3, etc. As shown in FIG. 3C, the one or morestates registered in the blockchain are configured in another cyclictrigger flow registered in the blockchain. The another cyclic triggerflow registered in the blockchain starts with a starting state of theone or more states, passes through each of the one or more states oncein one direction till an ending state, and returns to the startingstate. The starting local state is mapped to the starting state. Each ofthe one or more states is triggered by completion of a preceding statein the another cyclic trigger flow registered in the blockchain. Sincethe local states are correspondingly mapped to the states of theworkflow in the blockchain, each of the one or more local states may beeffectively triggered by completion of a preceding local state in thecyclic trigger flow maintained locally.

By updating the locally-maintained state machine based on the determinedcurrent state of the workflow, the local state machine's state reflectsthe current state of the workflow in the blockchain in a synchronizedmanner For example, if the workflow in the blockchain is in state 2, thelocal state machine may stay in local state L2; if the workflow thenprogresses to state 3, the local state machine may switch to local stateL3.

In some embodiments, each of the one or more states is configurable by asubscriber to one or more sub-states to comprise the one or moresub-states. For example, based on the blockchain contract or its furthermodifications, the workflow may be in a certain granular state under oneof the one or more states, which may be referred to a sub-state of theone state. In some embodiments, the server end 118 may obtain a requestfor registering one or more sub-states of a state, wherein a registeredworkflow comprises the state. The request may be obtained from acreator-subscriber of the one or more sub-states. The configuration mayneed to be approved by the administrator of the workflow. The server end118 may obtain the one state that is comprised in a deployed blockchaincontract and of which the one or more sub-states are to be configured,obtain information from the blockchain to determine if the state isconfigurable to comprise the one or more sub-states, and in response todetermining that the state is configurable to comprise the one or moresub-states, generate the blockchain contract comprising the one or moresub-states. For example, certain states may have been configured intheir deployed blockchain contract such that it is permissive to addsub-states under them, while other states may not. In some embodiments,the generated blockchain contract is configured to invoke the deployedblockchain contract to update the one state to comprise the one or moresub-states. Therefore, based on the deployed blockchain contractproviding a big framework of the workflow, individual participants mayadd more granular steps of the workflow for customization and precision.The server end 118 may deploy the generated blockchain contract in theblockchain, wherein the deployed blockchain contract is executable toupdate a current sub-state of the state corresponding to the workflowamong the one or more sub-states. The generation and deployment stepsfor registering sub-states are similar to those described above withreference to registering states.

In one example, as shown in FIG. 3C, for the online purchase-deliveryevent, the delivery company may configure additional sub-states (e.g.,sub-state 41, sub-state 42, sub-state 43) under state 4 initiallyconfigured by the administrator, through the server end 118.Correspondingly, as shown in FIG. 3B, the client-side computing device111 d may configure one or more local sub-states respectively mapped tothe one or more sub-states, through the server end 118.

In some embodiments, the server end 118 may obtain information in one ormore blocks of the blockchain to determine the current sub-state.Further, the server end 118 may update a locally-maintained statemachine based on the determined current sub-state. In one embodiment,the locally-maintained state machine comprises a local state mapped tothe state of the workflow registered in the blockchain and comprises oneor more local sub-states respectively mapped to the one or moresub-states registered in the blockchain. The one or more sub-states andthe state registered in the blockchain may form a cyclic trigger flowregistered in the blockchain. For example, as shown in FIG. 3C,sub-state 41, sub-state 42, sub-state 43, and state 4 form a cyclictrigger flow registered in the blockchain.

In some embodiments, the one or more local sub-states are configured ina cyclic trigger flow maintained locally; and the cyclic trigger flowmaintained locally starts with the local state, passes through each ofthe one or more local sub-states once in one direction, and returns tothe local state. For example, by mapping, as shown in FIG. 3B, localsub-state L41, local sub-state L42, and local sub-state L43, and localstate L4 form a cyclic trigger flow maintained locally. The cyclictrigger flow involving sub-states may work similarly as the cyclictrigger flow with just states. Since the local sub-states arecorrespondingly mapped to the sub-states of the registered workflow inthe blockchain, each of the one or more local sub-states may beeffectively triggered by the local state or completion of a precedinglocal sub-state in the cyclic trigger flow maintained locally. Forexample, when state 4 becomes the workflow's current state, the workflowmay not progress to the next state (state 1) until a configured logicinvolving the sub-states is completed. For instance, sub-states 41, 42,and 43 may be configured such that, when state 4 is the current state,sub-state 41 is triggered, the completion of which triggers sub-state42, and so forth. Here, sub-state 41 may be a starting sub-state andsub-state 43 may be an ending sub-state. The workflow has to completesub-states 41, 42, and 43 one by one in series for one or more times inorder to progress to the next state (state 1). For the onlinepurchase-delivery event, the delivery company may configure (sub-state41) item received by courier, (sub-state 42) item delivered to localfacility, and (sub-state 43) recipient signed-off receipt.

At step 308, the server end 118 (e.g., the subscription managementmodule 316) may establish an association between the subscriber and theone or more sub-states for transmitting notifications associated withthe one or more sub-states to the subscriber. The subscriber of the oneor more sub-states may be the user that created the one or moresub-states. In one example, an association may be established betweenthe client-side computing devices 111 d representing the subscriberdelivery company and the sub-states 41, 42, and 43. Through theassociation, the server end 118 may arrange notification of thesub-state that the workflow is at for the client-side computing devices111 d. If the subscriber later cancels the subscription, the server end118 may correspondingly remove the association.

In some embodiments, the one or more states are public to allsubscribers to the one or more states. For example, states 1, 2, 3, and4 are known to the client-side computing devices 111 b, 111 c, and 111d, other participants of the workflow, and/or other users of theblockchain. The client-side computing devices 111 b, 111 c, and 111 dmay each subscribe to one or more of the states. In some embodiments,the one or more sub-states are private to the subscriber to the one ormore sub-states. Since the subscriber configured the one or moresub-states, the one or more sub-states may be private to the subscriber.The subscriber can manage the one or more sub-states, such as furtherconfiguring their access authorization. In one example, the sub-states41, 42, and 43 configured by the client-side computing device 111 d maybe private to the client-side computing device 111 d, thus unknown toother participants of the workflow.

In some embodiments, at step 309, the server end 118 (e.g., statetrigger 314) may determine that the updated state machine corresponds tothe one state. Further, at step 310, in response to determining that theupdated state machine corresponds to one of the one or more states, theserver end 118 may transmit a notification message to the subscriber tothe one state (or similarly, to one or more subscribers subscribing tothe one state). In some embodiments, the notification message comprisesa message indicating that the one state is current and/or a resultreturned from completion of a preceding state among the one or morestates. For example, if the state 3 becomes current, the server end 118may transmit a notification message to the client-side computing device111 c since the storage company has subscribed to state 3. Thenotification message may include a message indicating that state 3 iscurrent and/or a result returned from completing state 2. In oneexample, for the online purchase-delivery event, the result returnedfrom completing state 2 may include an identification of the item and adigital signature of the seller representing the seller's approval ofthe order.

In some embodiments, similarly, at step 310, the server end 118 maytransmit a corresponding notification message to the subscriber to asub-state. The notification message comprises a message indicating thedetermined current sub-state and a result returned from the state and/orfrom completion of a preceding sub-state among the one or moresub-states. The client-side computing device may obtain, from acomputing device (e.g., the server end 118), the notification messageindicating that a current state of a workflow is one of one or morestates of the workflow. A blockchain contract deployed in the blockchainis executable to update the current state among the one or more statesof the workflow.

In some embodiments, transmitting the notification message to the one ormore subscribers subscribing to the one state may comprise placing anotification message into a message queue for one or more computingdevices associated with the one or more subscribers to obtain thenotification message. For example, MQ management module 315 may placethe notification message with respect to a certain state in a messagequeue. And a client-side computing device associated with a subscriberto the certain state may connect to the message queue to obtain thenotification message.

In some embodiments, the client-side computing device may connect to amessage queue to which the computing device (e.g., the server end 118)placed the notification message, and obtain the notification messagefrom the message queue. The client-side computing device may furtherexecute a function associated with the one state in response to thenotification message. In some embodiments, the function is configurableby a subscriber to the one state. For example, referring to FIG. 3C,each subscriber may configure a function for a state or sub-state thatthe subscriber subscribes to. For example, state 1 may correspond tofunction H1, state 2 may correspond to function H2, state 3 maycorrespond to function H3, state 4 may correspond to function H4,sub-state 41 may correspond to function H41, sub-state 42 may correspondto function H42, and sub-state 43 may correspond to function H43. Eachstate may correspond to no function, one function for one or moresubscribers, or multiple functions for one or more subscribers. Eachsub-state may correspond to no function or one or more functions for asubscriber.

In some embodiments, a function may include a named section of a programthat performs a specific task. In one embodiment, a function may be atype of procedure or routine. A function may or may not return a value.For example, executing function H2 may trigger compilation of thereceived order in a predetermined format and automatically sign onbehalf of the seller to approve the order once state 2 is current.

In some embodiments, in response to completion of the execution of thefunction, the client-side computing device may transmit, to thecomputing device (e.g., the server end 118), a reply message indicatingcompletion of the execution of the function associated with the onestate. In one embodiment, the client-side computing device may transmitto the computing device an update of the one state for the computingdevice to commence obtaining information from the blockchain tore-determine the current state. For example, the update may indicatecompletion of the one state. In one embodiment, the client-sidecomputing device may transmit the reply message to the computing devicefor the computing device to (1) generate a blockchain transaction forupdating the one state (e.g., state 2), and (2) transmit the blockchaintransaction to one or more blockchain nodes to add to the blockchain,causing the current state of the workflow to update to a state (e.g.,state 3) subsequent to the one state. Then, the computing device maycommence obtaining information from the blockchain to re-determine thecurrent state. If the blockchain transaction is successfully added tothe blockchain, the obtained information (e.g., a new block of theblockchain) may include the blockchain transaction, which indicates anupdate of the workflow to the state subsequent to the one state as inthe blockchain. By re-determining the current state, the computingdevice may find that the workflow has progressed to the state subsequentto the one state as in the blockchain.

The one or more states of the workflow may be referred to as a stategroup. In some embodiments, obtaining the request for registering theone or more states corresponding to the workflow may comprise obtaininga request for registering a state group comprising the one or morestates corresponding to the workflow. In some embodiments, one or morevalid state groups may exist and function simultaneously in oneblockchain. Any two or more of the state groups may not share a state.

In some embodiments, the administrator of the workflow may haveauthorization to add, ban, or revive a state group at the server end118. Non-administrator participants of the workflow may not haveauthorization to add, ban, or revive a state group at the server end118. The authorizations may be administered by the server end 118. Bybanning or reviving the state group, notification of the states of thestate group may be banned or revived. In some embodiments, the serverend 118 may obtain a request for ceasing notification of the stategroup, and in response to the request for ceasing notification of thestate group, cease notification of the state group to one or moresubscribers subscribing to the state group. To this end, the server end118 may cease updating the local states mapped to the states of theworkflow, or cease placing notifications in the message queue. Further,the server end 118 may obtain a request for resuming notification of thestate group, and in response to the request for resuming notification ofthe state group, resume notification of the state group to one or moresubscribers subscribing to the state group. To this end, the server end118 may resume updating the local states mapped to the states of theworkflow or resume placing notifications in the message queue.

In some embodiments, the administrator of the workflow may haveauthorization to add, ban, revive, or subscribe to an individual state.By adding a state, a new state may be added to an existing state group.Non-administrator participants of the workflow may not haveauthorization to add, ban, or revive a state, but have authorization tosubscribe to the state. Both the administrator and the non-administratorparticipants may have authorization to configure sub-states. Theauthorizations may be administered by the server end 118. By banning orreviving a state, notification of the state may be banned or revived. Insome embodiments, if a state is banned or deactivated, sub-statesassociated with the state are associatively banned or deactivated. If asubscriber cancels subscription to a state, sub-states associated withthe state and configured by the subscriber are associatively banned ordeactivated.

In some embodiments, the server end 118 may obtain a request fordeactivating one of the one or more states. In response to the requestfor deactivating the one state, the server end 118 may generate ablockchain transaction for shortcutting the one state from the anothercyclic trigger flow registered in the blockchain, and transmit thegenerated blockchain transaction to one or more blockchain nodes to addto the blockchain; and may shortcut a local state mapped to the onestate from the cyclic trigger flow maintained locally. For example, ifnotification of state 3 is banned, the server end 118 may generate ablockchain transaction to shortcut state 3 in the another cyclic triggerflow of the one or more states of the workflow as shown in FIG. 3C, andtransmit the blockchain transaction to one or more blockchain nodes toadd to the blockchain. Once the blockchain transaction is added to theblockchain, state 3 will be shortcut from the another cyclic triggerflow of the one or more states of the workflow in FIG. 3C. The serverend 118 may further shortcut local state L3 in the cyclic trigger flowof the one or more local states as shown in FIG. 3B. Thus, the states ofthe blockchain contract will no longer include state 3, and statesbefore and after state 3 will connect in the another trigger flow.Similarly, the local state machine will not keep the local state L3, andlocal states before and after local state L3 will connect in the triggerflow. As a result, notification of state 3 is effectively muted. Thus,the one state is configurable to be shortcut from the another cyclictrigger flow registered in the blockchain in response to deactivatingnotification of the one state, and a local state mapped to the one stateis configurable to be shortcut from the cyclic trigger flow maintainedlocally in response to deactivating notification of the one state.

In some embodiments, the server end 118 may obtain a request forreactivating one of the one or more states. In response to the requestfor reactivating the one state, the server end 118 may generate ablockchain transaction for restoring the one state in the another cyclictrigger flow registered in the blockchain, and transmit the generatedblockchain transaction to one or more blockchain nodes to add to theblockchain; and may restore the local state mapped to the one state inthe cyclic trigger flow maintained locally. For example, if notificationof state 3 is to be restored, the server end 118 may generate ablockchain transaction to restore state 3 in the another cyclic triggerflow of the one or more states of the workflow as shown in FIG. 3C(e.g., by removing the shortcut and restore the original connection),and transmit the blockchain transaction to one or more blockchain nodesto add to the blockchain. Once the blockchain transaction is added tothe blockchain, state 3 will be restored in the cyclic trigger flow ofthe one or more states of the workflow in FIG. 3C. The server end 118may further restore local state L3 in the cyclic trigger flow of the oneor more local states as shown in FIG. 3B (e.g., by removing theshortcut). As a result, notification of state 3 is effectively resumed.Thus, the one state is configurable to be restored in the another cyclictrigger flow registered in the blockchain in response to reactivatingnotification of the one state, and the local state mapped to the onestate is configurable to be restored in the cyclic trigger flowmaintained locally in response to reactivating notification of the onestate.

In some embodiments, the sub-states may be banned and revived similarlyto the states. In one embodiment, the server end 118 may obtain arequest for deactivating one of the one or more sub-states. In responseto the request for deactivating the one sub-state, the server end 118may generate a blockchain transaction for shortcutting the one sub-statefrom the another cyclic trigger flow registered in the blockchain, andtransmit the generated blockchain transaction to one or more blockchainnodes to add to the blockchain. The server end 118 may further shortcuta local sub-state mapped to the one sub-state from the cyclic triggerflow maintained locally. In this way, the server end 118 may effectivelycease notification of the one sub-state to its subscriber.

In one embodiment, the server end 118 may obtain a request forreactivating the one sub-state. In response to the request forreactivating the one sub-state, the server end 118 may generate ablockchain transaction for restoring the one sub-state in the anothercyclic trigger flow registered in the blockchain, and transmit thegenerated blockchain transaction to one or more blockchain nodes to addto the blockchain. The server end 118 may further restore the localsub-state mapped to the one sub-state in the cyclic trigger flowmaintained locally. In this way, the server end 118 may effectivelyresume notification of the one sub-state to its subscriber.

As such, through the platform provided by the server end 118,participants to workflows can subscribe to respective states that theyare concerned with and configure and subscribe to sub-states for theirown use. The task of obtaining information from blockchain, determiningstate trigger, and arranging message delivery can be centralized at theplatform in an efficient manner, thus minimizing the overall computationcommitment and energy consumption. The platform also providescustomization and privacy protection for its users. With the platform,workflows similar to the purchase-delivery of items can besimultaneously handled for efficient subscription and notification.

FIG. 4A illustrates a flowchart of a method 410 for registeringsubscribable states in blockchain in accordance with some embodiments.The operations of method 410 presented below are intended to beillustrative. Depending on the implementation, the method 410 mayinclude additional, fewer, or alternative steps performed in variousorders or in parallel. The method 410 may correspond to various stepsdescribed above with reference to FIG. 3A to FIG. 3C. Further details ofthe method 410 can be referred to FIG. 1 to FIG. 3C and relateddescriptions above.

In some embodiments, at step 411, through an optional gateway 319, theclient-side computing device 111a may communicate with the server end118 to configure one or more states of a workflow. For example, theclient-side computing device 111a may define a workflow and states ofthe workflow and configure a cyclic trigger flow of the states, such asthe cyclic trigger flow of states 1, 2, 3, and 4 as shown in FIG. 3C.One of the states may be designated as a starting state, and one of thestates may be designated as an ending state. Once designated, thestarting state and end state may not be altered. At a given time, theworkflow may be in one of the states.

At step 412, the server end 118 may record the one or more states andgenerate a blockchain contract comprising the workflow. For example, theserver end 118 may configure a locally-maintained state machinecomprising one or more local states respectively mapped to the one ormore states. Thus, the local states may possess a similar cyclic triggerflow. The server end 118 may further generate the blockchain contractthat defines the workflow, the states, and the cyclic trigger flow.

At step 413, the server end 118 may include the blockchain contract in ablockchain transaction and transmit the blockchain transaction to one ormore blockchain nodes of the blockchain system 112.

At step 414, the blockchain nodes of the blockchain system 112 mayverify the blockchain transaction to add it to the blockchain. Onceadded, the blockchain contract is deployed in the blockchain. Analgorithm included in the blockchain transaction may initiate thecurrent state of the workflow in the initially deployed blockchaintransaction to be the starting state.

At step 415, the blockchain system 112 may return a deployment result tothe server end 118. Accordingly, the state machine may be initiated tobe in a starting local state mapped to the starting state. At step 416,the server end 118 may report to the client-side computing device 111aabout the deployment result.

At step 417, the server end 118 may start obtaining information from theblockchain. For example, whenever a new block is added to theblockchain, the server end 118 may obtain information from the new blockand search its blockchain transactions for updates with respect to thedeployed blockchain contract. If there is a change in the state of thedeployed blockchain contract, which corresponds to a change in the stateof the workflow, the server end 118 may update the local state machine.According to the state of the state machine, the server end 118 maydetermine if notification should be triggered. For example, if a certainstate is subscribed by a subscriber and the state machine has switchedto a local state corresponding the certain state, the server end 118 mayplace a corresponding notification message in a message queue for thesubscriber to obtain the notification message. Alternatively, the serverend 118 may send the notification message to the subscriber's computingdevice.

FIG. 4B illustrates a flowchart of a method 420 for registeringsubscribable sub-states in blockchain in accordance with someembodiments. The operations of method 420 presented below are intendedto be illustrative. Depending on the implementation, the method 420 mayinclude additional, fewer, or alternative steps performed in variousorders or in parallel. The method 420 may correspond to various stepsdescribed above with reference to FIG. 3A to FIG. 3C. Further details ofthe method 420 can be referred to FIG. 1 to FIG. 3C and relateddescriptions above.

In some embodiments, at step 421, through an optional gateway 319, theclient-side computing device 111 d may communicate with the server end118 to configure one or more sub-states of a state of a workflow. Theworkflow may have been registered in a blockchain and comprised in adeployed blockchain contract. For example, the client-side computingdevice 111 d may define one or more sub-states of a registered state andconfigure a cyclic trigger flow of the state and the sub-states, such asthe cyclic trigger flow of state 4, and sub-states 41, 42, and 43 asshown in FIG. 3C. The order of the state and the sub-states in thecyclic trigger flow may be designated. Within the cyclic trigger flow,at a given time, the workflow may be in the state or one of thesub-states.

At step 422, the server end 118 may check if the state exists in theblockchain. For example, the server end 118 may query the blockchainsystem 112 to determine if the registered state and the deployedblockchain contract comprising the registered state exist in theblockchain.

At step 423, if the state exists, the blockchain system 112 may check ifthe deployed blockchain contract permits creation of the one or moresub-states. For example, the administrator may have permitted orprohibited sub-state creation for certain states when registering thestates. At step 424, the blockchain system 112 may return check resultsto the server end 118.

At step 425, the server end 118 may record the one or more sub-statesand generate a blockchain contract comprising the one or moresub-states. For example, the server end 118 may configure alocally-maintained state machine comprising one or more local sub-statesrespectively mapped to the one or more sub-states. The server end 118may further generate the blockchain contract that defines the one ormore sub-states with respect to the state and defines the cyclic triggerflow. A starting sub-state may be initiated to be the first sub-state tobecome current when the state becomes current.

At step 426, the server end 118 may include the blockchain contract in ablockchain transaction and transmit the blockchain transaction to one ormore blockchain nodes of the blockchain system 112.

At step 427, the blockchain nodes of the blockchain system 112 mayverify the generated blockchain transaction to add it to the blockchain.Once added, the generated blockchain contract is deployed in theblockchain. An algorithm included in the blockchain transaction mayinitiate the current state of the workflow in the initially deployedblockchain transaction to be the starting state.

At step 428 a, the blockchain system 112 may return a deployment resultto the server end 118. At step 428 b, the server end 118 may report tothe client-side computing device 111 d about the deployment result.

At step 429, the server end 118 may start obtaining information from theblockchain. For example, whenever a new block is added to theblockchain, the server end 118 may obtain information from the new blockand search its blockchain transactions for updates with respect to theregistered state of the workflow. If the state becomes current, theserver end 118 may update the state machine and run through the cyclictrigger flow for the sub-states. According to the state of the statemachine, the server end 118 may determine if notification should betriggered. For example, if a certain sub-state is subscribed by asubscriber and the state machine has switched to a local sub-statecorresponding the certain sub-state, the server end 118 may place acorresponding notification message in a message queue for the subscriberto obtain the notification message. Alternatively, the server end 118may send the notification message to the subscriber's computing device.

FIG. 4C illustrates a flowchart of a method 430 for blockchain-basednotification in accordance with some embodiments. The operations ofmethod 430 presented below are intended to be illustrative. Depending onthe implementation, the method 430 may include additional, fewer, oralternative steps performed in various orders or in parallel. The method430 may correspond to various steps described above with reference toFIG. 3A to FIG. 3C. Further details of the method 430 can be referred toFIG. 1 to FIG. 3C and related descriptions above.

In some embodiments, at step 431, through an optional gateway 319, theclient-side computing device 111 c may communicate with the server end118 to subscribe to a state of a workflow. The subscribed state may bereferred to as a second state. The second state may be triggered by afirst state in the cyclic trigger flow registered in the blockchain. Theworkflow may have been registered in a blockchain and comprised in adeployed blockchain contract. Although state subscription andnotification are described below, sub-state subscription andnotification may be similarly performed. The server end 118 may storethe subscription and an association between the state and thesubscriber. The server end 118 may configure a message queue (MQ) 499based on the association.

At step 432 and step 433, through an optional gateway 319, theclient-side computing device 111a may communicate with the server end118 to update the first state of the workflow. The first state may alsobe referred to as a preceding state to distinguish from the state thatthe client-side computing device has subscribed to and show relativeposition in the cyclic trigger flow. The first state (preceding state)may trigger the second state (the state) in the cyclic trigger flow. Theserver end 118 may obtain the update of the first state, that is, thepreceding state of the state. In one embodiment, the client-sidecomputing device 111 b may have performed an action that updates thestate of the workflow. In one example, for the online purchase-deliveryevent, the seller may have approved the received order and may informthe server end 118 to update the state 2 to completion.

At step 434, the server end 118 may generate a blockchain transactionfor updating the first state (the preceding state), and transmitting theblockchain transaction to one or more blockchain nodes to add to theblockchain and cause the current state of the workflow to update to theone state. In one example, for the online purchase-delivery event, theserver end 118 may generate a blockchain transaction for invoking thedeployed blockchain contract, adding the seller's approval of thereceived order, and/or moving forward the workflow. From step 431 tostep 434, the current state of the workflow may still be the firststate, until step 435 which progresses the workflow to the second state.

At step 435, through consensus verification, the blockchain system 112may execute the blockchain transaction to initiate the second state (thestate) that is subsequent to the first state (the preceding state). Forexample, accordingly, the current state of the workflow in theblockchain may be updated from the first state (the preceding state) tothe second state (the state) that the client-side computing device 111 csubscribed to. At step 436, the blockchain system 112 may returnverification and execution results to the server end 118. For example,the server end 118 may obtain from the blockchain system 112 a replymessage indicating completion of the first state (the preceding state)among one or more states of the workflow.

Alternative to steps 433 to 436, the client-side computing device 111bmay directly transmit a blockchain transaction to the blockchain system112 to invoke the deployed blockchain contract and update the currentstate of the workflow.

At step 437, the server end 118 may obtain information from theblockchain. For example, whenever a new block is added to theblockchain, the server end 118 may obtain information from the new blockand search its blockchain transactions for updates with respect to thedeployed blockchain contract. If there is a change in the state of thedeployed blockchain contract, which corresponds to a change in the stateof the workflow, the server end 118 may update the state machine.According to the state of the state machine, the server end 118 maydetermine if notification should be triggered. In one example, for theonline purchase-delivery event, according to the update to state 2, theworkflow has progressed to state 3. Thus, the state machine may progressto local state L3.

At step 438, the server end 118 may place a corresponding notificationmessage in the message queue 499 for the subscriber (e.g., theclient-side computing device 111 c) to obtain the notification message.For example, the server end 118 may place a notification message withrespect to state 3 in the MQ 499. The notification message may beconfigured to be obtainable by the subscribers of state 3. Theclient-side computing device 111 c may be installed with a software thatlistens to the MQ 499 for notification messages. Once detecting theplaced notification message, at step 439, the client-side computingdevice 111 c may obtain the notification message with respect to state 3from the MQ 499, thus consuming the notification message. Alternatively,the server end 118 may send the notification message to the client-sidecomputing device 111 c.

FIG. 4D illustrates a flowchart of a method 440 for blockchain-basednotification in accordance with some embodiments. The operations ofmethod 440 presented below are intended to be illustrative. Depending onthe implementation, the method 440 may include additional, fewer, oralternative steps performed in various orders or in parallel. The method440 may correspond to various steps described above with reference toFIG. 3A to FIG. 3C. Further details of the method 440 can be referred toFIG. 1 to FIG. 3C and related descriptions above.

In some embodiments, steps 441 and 442 may be similar to steps 438 and439 described above. At step 441, after a notification is triggered(e.g., for state 3), the server end 118 may place a correspondingnotification message in the message queue 499 for the subscriber (e.g.,the client-side computing device 111 c) to obtain the notificationmessage. For example, the server end 118 may place a notificationmessage with respect to state 3 in the MQ 499. The notification messagemay be configured to be obtainable by the subscribers of state 3. Theclient-side computing device 111 c may be installed with a software(e.g., MQ service 488) that listens to the MQ 499 for notificationmessages. Once detecting the placed notification message, at step 442,the client-side computing device 111 c may obtain the notificationmessage with respect to state 3 from the MQ 499, thus consuming thenotification message.

At step 443, the MQ service 488 may execute a function associated withthe state (e.g., state 3) in response to the obtained notificationmessage. To execute the function, the MQ service 488 may invoke andexecute one or more corresponding algorithms For example, executingfunction H2 may trigger compilation of the received order in apredetermined format and automatic signing on behalf of the seller toapprove the order once state 2 is current.

At step 444, the MQ service 488 may update the state (e.g., state 3).For example, the MQ service 488 may update the state's status tocompletion.

At step 445 and step 446, the MQ service 488 may generate and transmit areply message to the server end 118, through an optional gateway 319.The reply message may comprise the update of the state, such as acompletion status, execution results of the update, etc. Steps 445 and446 may be similar to step 432 described above, except that the steps445 and 446 send an update for a current state, while step 432 sends anupdate for a preceding state. Thus, FIG. 4C and FIG. 4D may be combinedin one flow and repeated through the states of the workflow.

FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary method 510 forregistering subscribable states in blockchain, according to someembodiments of this specification. The method 510 may be performed by adevice, apparatus, or system for registering subscribable states inblockchain (e.g., the server end 118). The method 510 may be performedby one or more components of the environment 100 of FIG. 1 (e.g., theserver end 118). The server end 118 may implementBlockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS). The server end 118 may include one ormore servers or other computing devices. The method 510 may beimplemented by a system or device (e.g., computer, server) comprisingvarious hardware machine and/or software. For example, the system ordevice may comprise one or more processors and one or morenon-transitory computer-readable storage media (e.g., one or morememories) coupled to the one or more processors and configured withinstructions executable by the one or more processors to cause thesystem or device (e.g., the processor) to perform the method 510.

The operations of method 510 presented below are intended to beillustrative. Depending on the implementation, the method 510 mayinclude additional, fewer, or alternative steps performed in variousorders or in parallel. One or more steps below such as blocks 514-520may be optional. Further details of the method 510 can be referred toFIG. 1 to FIG. 4D and related descriptions above. The steps forregistering subscribable states in blockchain described with referenceto FIG. 1 to FIG. 4D are included in the method 510.

Block 511 includes obtaining a request for registering a workflowcomprising one or more states. In some embodiments, obtaining therequest for registering the one or more states corresponding to theworkflow comprises: obtaining from an administrator of the workflow therequest for registering the one or more states corresponding to theworkflow; and the blockchain comprises a consortium blockchain.

Block 512 includes generating a blockchain contract comprising theworkflow.

Block 513 includes deploying the blockchain contract in a blockchain.The deployed blockchain contract is executable to update a current stateof the workflow among the one or more states.

Block 514 includes executing the blockchain contract to initiate acurrent state to be a starting state of the one or more states.

Block 515 includes obtaining from a subscriber a request for subscribingto notification of one of the one or more states.

Block 516 includes establishing an association between the subscriberand the one state.

Block 517 includes obtaining information in one or more blocks of theblockchain to determine the current state. In some embodiments, as thestarting state is initiated as the current state, blockchaintransactions further added to the blockchain may invoke the blockchaincontract and change the current state.

Block 518 includes updating a locally-maintained state machine based onthe determined current state. In some embodiments, thelocally-maintained state machine comprises one or more local statesrespectively mapped to the one or more states of the workflow registeredin the blockchain.

In some embodiments, the one or more local states are configured in acyclic trigger flow; and the cyclic trigger flow starts with a startinglocal state of the one or more local states, passes through each of theone or more local states once in one direction till an ending localstate, and returns to the starting local state.

In some embodiments, the one or more states are configured in anothercyclic trigger flow; the another cyclic trigger flow starts with astarting state of the one or more states, passes through each of the oneor more states once in one direction till an ending state, and returnsto the starting state; the starting local state is mapped to thestarting state; and each of the one or more states is triggered bycompletion of a preceding state in the another cyclic trigger flow.

In some embodiments, each of the one or more states is configurable by asubscriber to one or more sub-states to comprise the one or moresub-states; and the method further comprises: establishing anassociation between the subscriber and the one or more sub-states fortransmitting notifications associated with the one or more sub-states tothe subscriber.

In some embodiments, the one or more sub-states form a cyclic triggerflow; the one or more states are public to all subscribers to the one ormore states; and the one or more sub-states are private to thesubscriber to the one or more sub-states.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises: obtaining a requestfor deactivating the one state; and in response to the request fordeactivating the one state: generating a blockchain transaction forshortcutting the one state from the another cyclic trigger flow, andtransmitting the generated blockchain transaction to one or moreblockchain nodes to add to the blockchain; and shortcutting a localstate mapped to the one state from the cyclic trigger flow.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises: obtaining a requestfor reactivating the one state; and in response to the request forreactivating the one state: generating a blockchain transaction forrestoring the one state in the another cyclic trigger flow, andtransmitting the generated blockchain transaction to one or moreblockchain nodes to add to the blockchain; and restoring the one statein the another cyclic trigger flow.

Block 519 includes determining that the updated state machinecorresponds to the one state.

Block 520 includes transmitting a notification message to the subscriberto the one state. In some embodiments, the notification messagecomprises: a message indicating the one state that is current and aresult returned from completion of a preceding state among the one ormore states.

In some embodiments, obtaining the request for registering the one ormore states corresponding to the workflow comprises: obtaining a requestfor registering a state group comprising the one or more statescorresponding to the workflow. In one embodiment, the method furthercomprises: obtaining a request for ceasing notification of the stategroup; and in response to the request for ceasing notification of thestate group, ceasing notification of the state group to one or moresubscribers subscribing to the state group. In one embodiment, themethod further comprises: obtaining a request for resuming notificationof the state group; and in response to the request for resumingnotification of the state group, resuming notification of the stategroup to one or more subscribers subscribing to the state group.

FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of a system 610 for registeringsubscribable states in blockchain in accordance with some embodiments.The system 610 (e.g., a computer system) may be an example of animplementation of the server end 118 described above, a similar deviceor system of devices, or a combination of the server end 118 and one ormore additional devices. For example, the method 410 and/or method 510may be implemented by the system 610. The system 610 may comprise one ormore processors and one or more non-transitory computer-readable storagemedia (e.g., one or more memories) coupled to the one or more processorsand configured with instructions executable by the one or moreprocessors to cause the system or device (e.g., the processor) toperform the methods and operations described above, e.g., the method410, the method 510. The system 610 may comprise various units/modulescorresponding to the instructions (e.g., software instructions).

In some embodiments, the system 610 may be referred to as an apparatusfor registering subscribable states in blockchain. The apparatus mayinclude: an obtaining module 611 for obtaining a request for registeringa workflow comprising one or more states, a generating module 612 forgenerating a blockchain contract comprising the workflow, and adeploying module 613 for deploying the blockchain contract in ablockchain, wherein the deployed blockchain contract is executable toupdate a current state of the workflow among the one or more states.

The techniques described herein are implemented by one or morespecial-purpose computing devices. The special-purpose computing devicesmay be desktop computer systems, server computer systems, portablecomputer systems, handheld devices, networking devices or any otherdevice or combination of devices that incorporate hard-wired and/orprogram logic to implement the techniques. The special-purpose computingdevices may be implemented as personal computers, laptops, cellularphones, camera phones, smart phones, personal digital assistants, mediaplayers, navigation devices, email devices, game consoles, tabletcomputers, wearable devices, or a combination thereof. Computingdevice(s) are generally controlled and coordinated by operating systemsoftware. Conventional operating systems control and schedule computerprocesses for execution, perform memory management, provide file system,networking, I/O services, and provide a user interface functionality,such as a graphical user interface (“GUI”), among other things. Thevarious systems, apparatuses, storage media, modules, and unitsdescribed herein may be implemented in the special-purpose computingdevices, or one or more computing chips of the one or morespecial-purpose computing devices. In some embodiments, the instructionsdescribed herein may be implemented in a virtual machine on thespecial-purpose computing device. When executed, the instructions maycause the special-purpose computing device to perform various methodsdescribed herein. The virtual machine may include a software, hardware,or a combination thereof.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram that illustrates a computer system 700 uponwhich any of the embodiments described herein may be implemented. Thesystem 700 may perform any of the methods described herein (e.g., themethod 410 and related steps, the method 510 and related steps). Thesystem 700 may be implemented in any of the systems described herein(e.g., the system 610, the server end 118). The computer system 700includes a bus 702 or other communication mechanism for communicatinginformation, one or more hardware processor(s) 704 coupled with bus 702for processing information. Hardware processor(s) 704 may be, forexample, one or more general purpose microprocessors.

The computer system 700 also includes a main memory 706, such as arandom access memory (RAM), cache and/or other dynamic storage devices,coupled to bus 702 for storing information and instructions executableby processor(s) 704. Main memory 706 also may be used for storingtemporary variables or other intermediate information during executionof instructions executable by processor(s) 704. Such instructions, whenstored in storage media accessible to processor(s) 704, render computersystem 700 into a special-purpose machine that is customized to performthe operations specified in the instructions. The computer system 700further includes a read only memory (ROM) 708 or other static storagedevice coupled to bus 702 for storing static information andinstructions for processor(s) 704. A storage device 710, such as amagnetic disk, optical disk, or USB thumb drive (Flash drive), etc., isprovided and coupled to bus 702 for storing information andinstructions.

The computer system 700 may implement the techniques described hereinusing customized hard-wired logic, one or more ASICs or FPGAs, firmwareand/or program logic which in combination with the computer systemcauses or programs computer system 700 to be a special-purpose machine.According to one embodiment, the operations, methods, and processesdescribed herein are performed by computer system 700 in response toprocessor(s) 704 executing one or more sequences of one or moreinstructions contained in main memory 706. Such instructions may be readinto main memory 706 from another storage medium, such as storage device710. Execution of the sequences of instructions contained in main memory706 causes processor(s) 704 to perform the process steps describedherein. In alternative embodiments, hard-wired circuitry may be used inplace of or in combination with software instructions.

The main memory 706, the ROM 708, and/or the storage device 710 mayinclude non-transitory storage media. The term “non-transitory media,”and similar terms, as used herein refers to media that store data and/orinstructions that cause a machine to operate in a specific fashion, themedia excludes transitory signals. Such non-transitory media maycomprise non-volatile media and/or volatile media. Non-volatile mediaincludes, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as storage device710. Volatile media includes dynamic memory, such as main memory 706.Common forms of non-transitory media include, for example, a floppydisk, a flexible disk, hard disk, solid state drive, magnetic tape, orany other magnetic data storage medium, a CD-ROM, any other optical datastorage medium, any physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, aPROM, and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, NVRAM, any other memory chip orcartridge, and networked versions of the same.

The computer system 700 also includes a network interface 718 coupled tobus 702. Network interface 718 provides a two-way data communicationcoupling to one or more network links that are connected to one or morelocal networks. For example, network interface 718 may be an integratedservices digital network (ISDN) card, cable modem, satellite modem, or amodem to provide a data communication connection to a corresponding typeof telephone line. As another example, network interface 718 may be alocal area network (LAN) card to provide a data communication connectionto a compatible LAN (or WAN component to communicate with a WAN).Wireless links may also be implemented. In any such implementation,network interface 718 sends and receives electrical, electromagnetic oroptical signals that carry digital data streams representing varioustypes of information.

The computer system 700 can send messages and receive data, includingprogram code, through the network(s), network link and network interface718. In the Internet example, a server might transmit a requested codefor an application program through the Internet, the ISP, the localnetwork and the network interface 718.

The received code may be executed by processor(s) 704 as it is received,and/or stored in storage device 710, or other non-volatile storage forlater execution.

Each of the processes, methods, and algorithms described in thepreceding sections may be embodied in, and fully or partially automatedby, code modules executed by one or more computer systems or computerprocessors comprising computer hardware. The processes and algorithmsmay be implemented partially or wholly in application-specificcircuitry.

The various features and processes described above may be usedindependently of one another, or may be combined in various ways. Allpossible combinations and sub-combinations are intended to fall withinthe scope of this specification. In addition, certain method or processblocks may be omitted in some implementations. The methods and processesdescribed herein are also not limited to any particular sequence, andthe blocks or states relating thereto can be performed in othersequences that are appropriate. For example, described blocks or statesmay be performed in an order other than that specifically disclosed, ormultiple blocks or states may be combined in a single block or state.The examples of blocks or states may be performed in serial, inparallel, or in some other manner Blocks or states may be added to orremoved from the disclosed embodiments. The examples of systems andcomponents described herein may be configured differently thandescribed. For example, elements may be added to, removed from, orrearranged compared to the disclosed embodiments.

The various operations of methods described herein may be performed, atleast partially, by one or more processors that are temporarilyconfigured (e.g., by software) or permanently configured to perform therelevant operations. Whether temporarily or permanently configured, suchprocessors may constitute processor-implemented engines that operate toperform one or more operations or functions described herein.

Similarly, the methods described herein may be at least partiallyprocessor-implemented, with a particular processor or processors beingan example of hardware. For example, at least some of the operations ofa method may be performed by one or more processors orprocessor-implemented engines. Moreover, the one or more processors mayalso operate to support performance of the relevant operations in a“cloud computing” environment or as a “software as a service” (SaaS).For example, at least some of the operations may be performed by a groupof computers (as examples of machines including processors), with theseoperations being accessible via a network (e.g., the Internet) and viaone or more appropriate interfaces (e.g., an Application ProgramInterface (API)).

The performance of certain of the operations may be distributed amongthe processors, not only residing within a single machine, but deployedacross a number of machines. In some embodiments, the processors orprocessor-implemented engines may be located in a single geographiclocation (e.g., within a home environment, an office environment, or aserver farm). In other embodiments, the processors orprocessor-implemented engines may be distributed across a number ofgeographic locations.

Throughout this specification, plural instances may implementcomponents, operations, or structures described as a single instance.Although individual operations of one or more methods are illustratedand described as separate operations, one or more of the individualoperations may be performed concurrently, and nothing requires that theoperations be performed in the order illustrated. Structures andfunctionality presented as separate components in configurations may beimplemented as a combined structure or component. Similarly, structuresand functionality presented as a single component may be implemented asseparate components. These and other variations, modifications,additions, and improvements fall within the scope of the subject matterherein. Furthermore, related terms (such as “first,” “second,” “third,”etc.) used herein do not denote any order, height, or importance, butrather are used to distinguish one element from another element.Furthermore, the terms “a,” “an,” and “plurality” do not denote alimitation of quantity herein, but rather denote the presence of atleast one of the articles mentioned.

Although an overview of the subject matter has been described withreference to specific embodiments, various modifications and changes maybe made to these embodiments without departing from the broader scope ofembodiments of the this specification. The Detailed Description shouldnot to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of variousembodiments is defined only by the appended claims, along with the fullrange of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

1. A computer-implemented method, comprising: obtaining, by one or moreservers, a request for registering a workflow comprising one or morestates; generating, by the one or more servers, a blockchain contractcomprising the workflow; deploying, by the one or more servers, theblockchain contract in a blockchain, wherein the deployed blockchaincontract is executable to update a current state of the workflow amongthe one or more states, wherein the one or more servers maintain a statemachine off the blockchain, and the state machine comprises one or morelocal states respectively mapped to the one or more states of theworkflow registered in the blockchain; establishing, by the one or moreservers, an association between one of the one or more states, one ofthe one or more local states that is mapped to the one state, and asubscriber for subscription to notification of the one state.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: determining the current state byobtaining information in one or more blocks of the blockchain; updatingthe state machine based on the determined current state; determiningthat the updated state machine corresponds to the one local state; andtransmitting a notification to the subscriber.
 3. The method of claim 1,wherein: the one or more local states are configured in a cycle; and thecycle starts with a starting local state of the one or more localstates, passes through each of the one or more local states once in onedirection till an ending local state, and returns to the starting localstate.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein: the one or more states areconfigured in a different cycle; and the different cycle starts with astarting state of the one or more states, passes through each of the oneor more states once in one direction till an ending state, and returnsto the starting state.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein: each of theone or more states is triggered by completion of a preceding state inthe different cycle; and the starting local state is mapped to thestarting state.
 6. The method of claim 4, further comprising: executingthe blockchain contract to initiate the current state to be the startingstate.
 7. The method of claim 4, further comprising: obtaining a requestfor deactivating the one state; and in response to the request fordeactivating the one state, shortcutting the one local state from thecycle, and storing to the blockchain a blockchain transaction forshortcutting the one state from the different cycle.
 8. The method ofclaim 7, further comprising: obtaining a request for reactivating theone state; and in response to the request for reactivating the onestate, restoring the one local state in the cycle, and storing to theblockchain a blockchain transaction for restoring the one state in thedifferent cycle.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein: the one state isconfigurable by the subscriber to comprise one or more sub-states; andthe method further comprises: establishing a different associationbetween the one state, the subscriber, and the one or more sub-states.10. The method of claim 9, wherein: the one or more sub-states form acycle; the one or more states are public to all subscribers to the oneor more states; and the one or more sub-states are private to thesubscriber.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein: the notificationcomprises a message indicating the one state that is current and aresult returned from completion of a preceding state of the one state.12. The method of claim 1, wherein: obtaining the request forregistering a workflow comprises obtaining a request for registering astate group comprising the one or more states corresponding to theworkflow.
 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: obtaining arequest for ceasing notification of the state group; and in response tothe request for ceasing notification of the state group, ceasingnotification of the state group to all subscribers subscribing to any ofthe one or more states.
 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising:obtaining a request for resuming notification of the state group; and inresponse to the request for resuming notification of the state group,resuming notification of the state group to the all subscribers.
 15. Asystem comprising one or more processors and one or more non-transitorycomputer-readable memories coupled to the one or more processors, theone or more non-transitory computer-readable memories configured withinstructions executable by the one or more processors to cause thesystem to perform operations comprising: obtaining, by one or moreservers, a request for registering a workflow comprising one or morestates; generating, by the one or more servers, a blockchain contractcomprising the workflow; deploying, by the one or more servers, theblockchain contract in a blockchain, wherein the deployed blockchaincontract is executable to update a current state of the workflow amongthe one or more states, wherein the one or more servers maintain a statemachine off the blockchain, and the state machine comprises one or morelocal states respectively mapped to the one or more states of theworkflow registered in the blockchain; establishing, by the one or moreservers, an association between one of the one or more states, one ofthe one or more local states that is mapped to the one state, and asubscriber for subscription to notification of the one state.
 16. Thesystem of claim 16, wherein the operations further comprise: determiningthe current state by obtaining information in one or more blocks of theblockchain; updating the state machine based on the determined currentstate; determining that the updated state machine corresponds to the onestate; and transmitting a notification to the subscriber.
 17. The systemof claim 16, wherein: the one or more local states are configured in acycle; and the cycle starts with a starting local state of the one ormore local states, passes through each of the one or more local statesonce in one direction till an ending local state, and returns to thestarting local state.
 18. A non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium configured with instructions executable by one or more processorsto cause the one or more processors to perform operations comprising:obtaining, by one or more servers, a request for registering a workflowcomprising one or more states; generating, by the one or more servers, ablockchain contract comprising the workflow; deploying, by the one ormore servers, the blockchain contract in a blockchain, wherein thedeployed blockchain contract is executable to update a current state ofthe workflow among the one or more states, wherein the one or moreservers maintain a state machine off the blockchain, and the statemachine comprises one or more local states respectively mapped to theone or more states of the workflow registered in the blockchain;establishing, by the one or more servers, an association between one ofthe one or more states, one of the one or more local states that ismapped to the one state, and a subscriber for subscription tonotification of the one state.
 19. The storage medium of claim 18,wherein the operations further comprise: determining the current stateby obtaining information in one or more blocks of the blockchain;updating the state machine based on the determined current state;determining that the updated state machine corresponds to the one state;and transmitting a notification to the subscriber.
 20. The storagemedium of claim 18, wherein: the one or more local states are configuredin a cycle; and the cycle starts with a starting local state of the oneor more local states, passes through each of the one or more localstates once in one direction till an ending local state, and returns tothe starting local state.